This is a Web version of an article published in
Armenia in the Volume "Computers in Armenian
Philology" Yerevan 1993. All transliterations were
removed for the sake of simplicity. (The
publication was made possible through the help of
the Dutch Organization of the Sciences NWO)

CD-ROM TECHNOLOGY Possible Applications in
Armenian Philology by by R. H. Lola Koundakjian

Written for Association Internationale des Etudes
Armeniennes, The Netherlands, & Linguistics
Institute - Academy of Sciences, Armenia

"The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex
devices of great ability; some thing is bound to
come out of it. "

Vannevar Bush "As we may think" the Atlantic
Monthly, July 1945

Introduction

Our era has been accused of "Information Overload"
and "Drowning in Paper". In a world dedicated to
reducing the threat to the environment and keeping
up with knowledge, a relatively new technology is
leading the way to, perhaps, reaching that goal.
As we will attempt to demonstrate, CD-ROMs are
ideal tools in Armenological research, especially
philology, because the latter involves mostly
text. CD-ROM has been called the New Papyrus. (1)
The reasons may be because although CDs must be
accessed via an electronic device and can be
interactive with other previously introduced
consumer products, the CD-ROM is more active than
passive, such as in the case of television.
CD-ROMs invite the human mind to search by
association, use thoughts' trails and clues, to
select numerically, alphabetically, in other
words, to work. Several technological developments
converged in the advent of CD-ROMs: the massmarket
entertainment industry, the proliferation and
standardization of Personal Computers (PCs) in the
business and home environments, and the creation
of the "information" and "paperless" society
myths. (2) CD-ROM derives its low price &
manufacturing availability from the consumer audio
marketplace. CD Audio is "the most successful
consumer electronic product in history", which has
created a stable worldwide standard and
manufacturing base. (3) These audio discs are
manufactured in factories that cost $10 million to
build and over $1 million to maintain annually.
Thus, CD-ROMs are produced in these ready made
plants, with the addition of computers. Since
CD-ROMs had the fortune of being introduced when
PCs were already competitively priced, they
allowed an affordable entry-level system to serve
as support for high-end applications.

CD-ROMs: A Brief History

The first CD Audios were introduced around 1981,
while the first CD-ROMs were introduced in 1984;
its first titles appeared in 1985. The
standardization of PC CD-ROMs came about in 1 987
by the International Standards Organization (ISO),
with the High Sierra or ISO 9660 format on 9-track
tape, from which the production house presses the
CD-ROM. (4) When CD-ROM technology was introduced,
the first proponents were publishers who were awed
by the immense storage capacity and PC
compatibility. Originally seen as an alternative
publishing media, it has now also other uses.
(Figure 1) More than 2, 000 products and
applications are available on CD-ROM and the
number is doubling each year. (5)

In the year 1986 the first general purpose
software for this industry was introduced.
Although generally disappointing, these softwares
have improved due to the input of ideas from
clients. Performance was slow in the very
beginning, until the media was optimized to make
the best use of optical discs. The early stages
can also be generalized as being the "text only"
era. After 1988, 386-based premastering systems
were used to index and structure CD-ROMs with
larger storage capabilities incorporating text,
image and sound. The advances in the CD-ROM
industry can be summed in this manner:

- In 1989, the creation of a single CD-ROM
application through a service bureau would have
cost between $50, 000-$100, 000. Today any
institution interested in electronic publishing
may set-up a n in-house CD-ROM publishing system
for much less, including both software and
premastering hardware, permitting capacity to
produce 50 CD-ROMs or more per year.

- The cost of mastering and replicating the first
100 discs has fallen from $5, 000 to $1, 500, wit
h incremental discs currently costing less than $1
each.

- The capacity has increased to 660 MB from 550 MB
per disc.

- CD-ROM drive costs have fallen to about $600
from $1, 500. - The CIA and the U. S. State
Department, two of the world's largest consumers
of CD-ROM products, have imposed the creation of a
standard which will involve CD-ROMs containing
only data. The disk drive software itself would
contain the operating system. (6)

What are CD-ROMs and what is their Storage
Capacity

CD-ROM means Compact-Disc Read Only Memory. It is
a storage media for text, digital data, images and
stereo sound, in a 4. 72" (120 mm) disc format.
Perhaps one of the more exciting breakthroughs in
information storage, CD-ROMs were created by
Philips and Sony in 1983, as an extension of the
CD-Audio which they pioneered in the late 70's as
a medium for digitally recorded sound. CD-ROMs
store data in a series of 0s and 1s (binary), the
latter represented by the transition from a pit to
a land and vice versa, the length of a pit or land
depending on the number of 0s. These pits are
burned unto the Master by a laserbeam, the surface
is physically sealed off from contact from the
disk drive, then it is sandwiched between a
grooved, transparent surface and a protective
undercoating, permitting the disc to be handled,
even roughly, without damaging it. A scanning
laser beam, reflected or not from the silver pits,
"reads" from the CD-ROM without contact nor wear;
there is no loss and degradation involved. A
single CD-ROM may contain the equivalent of: - 1
800 double density floppy disks(5 1/4"), - 74
minutes of audio, - 12, 000 images at 300 dots per
inch (dpi), -50, 000 computer pages of data at 132
columns/page, -or- 250 Computer Output Micro(COM)
fiches Technical industrial data, which
notoriously change o n a constant basis, can be
updated at minimal cost ($1. 00/disk). Since
upgrades are done electronically, they take less
time than in print publishing, (7) allowing
clients and technicians to receive 650 Megabytes
(MB) of digital data (text, graphics), the
equivalent of 20, 000 pages of information with
up-to-date material, which is instantly available
through their PC.

Creating CD-ROMs: The Software

Two types of applications are needed in the
creation of CD-ROMs: (a) a software to build and
prepare an application t o input data on disc; (b)
another for users to retrieve the information from
the disc through their PC. Early CD-ROM publishers
had to create their own softwares, but today many
optical publishing specialists exist.(8) Hardware
Requirements for In-House Electronic Publishing
Premastering System is the hardware used for
"authoring". A typical system will include a
minimum of 386-based PC, for faster indexing, tape
drives and magnetic disk with gigabytes of space
(no exaggeration). The system may also contain a
simulation software that emulates the speed of the
CD to test the actual performance of the program.
In 1987, 98% of the CD-ROM readers were installed
on IBM PC compatibles, quickly dropping to 95% in
1988, with the introduction of Apple and DEC with
their drive s. The Apple Macintosh is clearly the
better choice for multimedia applications. The
future combined efforts of Apple and IBM and their
use of a new non-Intel chip may narrow the gap
even more. (9) The basic difference between an
audio CD and CD-ROM player is t hat of an
error-correction chip instead of a digital to
analog conversion chip. The mechanism supports the
random access versus the linear nature of CD
Audio. CD-ROMs have to conform to the Philips-Sony
standard, thus are interchangeable. Regarding the
design of the CD players, they were originally
top-loading, then came the front-loading type,
allowing them to be stacked between the monitor
and the PC unit, followed by the disk-drive slot
in the PC itself, with the CD-ROM protected in a
caddy, instead of a sliding-door format as in the
CD Audio. Current varieties include external,
internal and portable models. Performance is
evolving as well, calculated according to their
performance in microseconds (ms). Recently
multi-disc readers have been introduced,
paralleling development in CD-Audio. These are
called juke-box readers. Prices of CD-ROMs are
higher than CD-Audio for the main reason of lower
volume and sales, although in four years since the
introduction of the drives, the prices have
dropped to 50%. Summary of Cost s for CD-ROM
Publishing The CD-ROM is absolutely the most
inexpensive way to disseminate large volumes of
information to personal computer users. Its
long-term benefits include:

- lower information distribution costs - saving
information retrieval time - less duplication of
efforts - improving learning rate - sharing of
knowledge - increasing productivity by using
information where, when and how it is needed.

The approximate costs of CD-ROM publishing, as of
1991, involve:

- 386-based system $12, 000 CD-ROM drive with
interface $600 - Premastering system (600 MB -1. 2
GB and 9 track tape) $25, 000-30, 000 - Authoring
System (off the shelf) $795 - 30, 000 - Licensing
fee (depends on number of CDs to be pressed) -
Retrieval Software (perpetual) $200 Media Transfer
and 1st Master $1, 500-3, 000 Replication/disc $1.
00

This list does not include additional workstations
needed to input the data, hiring the personnel,
office space and supplies. However, the typical
costs of such a project can be estimated at well
under $500, 000 per year.

Disadvantages of CD-ROMs

- CD-ROMs are read-only therefore cannot be
updated by the end user.

- The mastering step costs a lot and takes three
days. Initial keying can take months or years
depending on the project.

- Retrieving speed from CD-ROMs is slower than in
the magnetic media. The industry is working to
improve this. In any case, it is faster than the
traditional methods of research. 10

- A CD-ROM reader must be added to PCs at
additional cost.

- In-house software development is costly in an
environment which is constantly in evolution.

- Customized software may be limited to an single
application. 11 There are service bureaus that
offer everything from keyboard entry to managing
disc mastering, replication and packaging, but
disallow control over the product and are very
expensive. (12) The clear choice to be made
depends on the number of CD-ROMs to be published,
and on the update frequency.

- Most CD-ROM softwares still handle only black
and white graphics. Color is key for multimedia
(i. e. mixture of text, structured data, graphics,
sound and video), which is a new environment.

Advantages of CD-ROMs

CD-ROMs have many advantages over traditional
publishing.

- First and foremost is interactivity - any work
with built-in electronic notebooks with word
processing features including WordPerfect
conversions.

- It is paperless, in fact it bypasses the need to
print on paper altogether. (13)

- It is much easier to update

- It is cheaper to duplicate - the real expense is
the master, and first 100 copies. There are
currently entire libraries' indexes on one disk;
the British Library's index, for example, is on
three discs.

- Unlike fiche, CD-ROM data is electronically
compatible and searchable by a PC, a significant
advantage over fiche. There are fewer than 1
million microfilm readers compared to more than 30
million personal computers. One reason that
optical disks are replacing microfiches for many
applications.

- CD-ROM search is superior in speed to paper,
computer output microfiche, microfilm and on-line
media, and the cross-reference is superior in
access for researcher . One of the largest U. S.
banks is using CD-Roms to store its daily
transactions, reducing storage space and costs
while improving customer help. Searches take
minutes instead of days. Telephone directories,
and titles at libraries are some of the few other
environments where CD-ROMs have been used
successfully. (Figure 2)

Life Expectancy of CD-ROMs

CD-ROMs are currently estimated of having a
life-expectancy of a minimum of 10 years to 100
years, especially in some models made of very hard
tempered glass layered with gold, instead of the
standard aluminum. 14

CD Publishing

There are several steps involved in CD publishing
once the content has been decided. (Figure 3) Data
preparation is the term used to describe the
transfer of the information into machine readable
form. Text is typically converted to ASCII, using
manual typing, Optical Character Readers (OCR) -
which is not 100% accurate, therefore requires
quality control - video and audio data & digitized
images. The next step involves file structuring,
order and layout of data & disc geography to
minimize seek time. Then comes the premastering
stage, which includes the query methodology,
indexing, organizing the display, print or other
export capabilities. 15 Most of the CD-ROMs
contain structured data, including information
from computer databases, bibliographies,
directories, catalogs and numerical data. It may
contain text fields, and its indexing includes
each and every field. The biggest task is in
organizing the information as much as possible and
in such a way that it will minimize access time.
Queries may contain Boolean operators ("and",
"or", "not"), "word" or "phrase" searches. Full
text may emulate a field search but it will take
much longer than an indexed field. Hypertext
searches also permit "related" material to be
found to enhance browsing capabilities. The
testing stage simulates retrieval effectiveness,
speed and proper layout. The data is then
transferred to the 9-track tape. The two following
stages take place a t the factory: mastering, i.
e. creating the glass master, and disc making.

Some CDs already available

There have been ongoing projects at major U. S.
universities for the digital conversion of ancient
texts. Among them are:

- The IRIS (Institute for  Research in Information
and Scholarship), which has been an ongoing
project since 1983, with CD-ROMs available since
1985. - Brown and Harvard Universities. Other
examples of areas where CD-ROMs have been used,
ideas which could encompass Armenian some day: -
Language software, such as Lingua Rom are similar
to language cassettes: they teach a language,
incorporating sound as well as text/images.
Languages of the World "the most complete
multilingual dictionary ever with seven million
words, eighteen dictionaries, twelve languages" on
one CD-ROM. (Harrap Publishing Group, U. K. )

- Oxford English Dictionary (OED-CD) currently at
$895. 00 - Oxford Textbook of Medicine Electronic
Edition - Random House bilingual dictionaries -
Merriam Webster's 1989 Ninth New Collegiate
Dictionary - Legal Codes of different countries -
New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia (9 million
words) - British Library: General Catalogue of
Printed Books to 1975 by Saztec Europe, Ltd. , in
3 CD-ROMs). (16) - Aeschylus, Aristophanes,
Aristotle, St. Augustine, Confucius, Epictetus,
Euripides, Hippocrates, Homer, Omar Khayyam,
Lucretius, Plato, Religious Documents - Bible
(King James), Egyptian Book of theDead, Bhagavad
Gita, Buddha's Life and Teachings, Koran and Book
of Mormon -Shakespeare, Sophocles, Virgil, plus
many more on one CD. (World Library, Inc. )

Possible CD-ROMS in Armenian &/or Armenian Studies
For commercial/education environments:

Multi-media Hanragitaran, incorporating text,
sound and images, cross-referenced for browsing in
history, the sciences

- Polyglot Dictionaries, with pronunciation of
Armenian words; synonym and antonym browsing
capability. - Language-ROM in Armenian, with
Eastern and Western pronunciation. - - Music
CD-ROMS: operas with score and libretto - History
of the Diaspora, regularly updated. - Dialects -
Customs of the provinces - Pictures of the Past:
Armenia in the 1st century of Photography, ana
nthropological study using historic pictures.

FOR SCHOLARS:

- Matenadaran catalog - Index of Armenian historic
archeologicaldigs; details of research done in
each of the digs, pictures of the area, maps and
plans; all epigraphic text whether deciphered or
not. - A multimedia database containing details
about all Armenian dialects, including sound.
Historic description of the provinces, costumes,
customs  etc - Armenian art works inmuseums around
the world - Catalogue of Armenian Inscriptions,
with detailedlists containing cross-references of
site, subject matter, name of signee(s), with map
of area and picture of the inscriptions. - Index
of Armenian Manuscripts in various institutions
and private collections; transferred from the
print mediaand regularly updated. - Complete text
of Primary Sources/ Manuscripts in Armenian and
modern language translation(s), possibly to be
scrolled in a double-window set-up; scanned
versions of the original texts; close-ups of
illuminations; cross-references by date,
collection, subject matter - All history texts
found in different languages and/or versions, for
comparativeresearch, e. g. Agathangelos, History
of Armenia. (17) - Transfer of Armenian
architecture pictures from microfiche, with a
database containing relevant descriptions -
Transfer of the Armenian Database of Leiden (18) -
Linguisticdatabases - Armenian manuscript
colophons, with fields cross-referenced for
historic information Electronic reprints of: -
Historical and Armenological periodicals e. g.
Biuzandion , Bazmavep - Dictionaries: Nor Bargirq
Haygazean Lezvi Haykakan Anounneri Pararan -
Historical volumes - Mayr Tsousakner

Out of print books, fragile &/or large format
manuscripts are perfect candidates for CD-ROM or
optical pu blishing because they should be not
handled or are out of reach. Projects involving
artworks formerly photographed for print
publishing, or works that are already
two-dimensional, can be easily transferred to
digital format via scanner. Note: A multi-volume
CD-ROM entitled "Abstract of Dissertations"
contains many dissertations about Armenia and the
Armenians, which were deposited in major
universities since the mid-19th century.

On the horizon

The future of ASCII Extensive work is being done
to replace ASCII (7-bit code) with a 16-bit
UNICODE which will include all known
alphabets/symbols of the world, in the hopes of
creating standards in international computing. The
first 128 characters will be the same as ASCII.
The project has been going on since 1987 at the
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and researchers at
Apple. Unicode will include all "dead" languages
and language fossils, which will be ideal for
linguists. Some alphabets/symbols are not yet
ready, e. g. Egyptian hieroglyphics, but will be
eventually added.

The first 8191 spaces in unicode
representalphabets; 8192 to12, 287 represent
symbols, e. g. punctuation, mathematics;12,
288-16, 383 are for the Chinese/ Korean/Japanese
auxiliary alphabet;16, 384-59, 391 have been
reserved for the unified Han characters for the
samethree languages. The rest, 59, 392-65, 536
have been reserved for users toimplement, and
compatibility areas for developers. The Armenian
alphabet is represented in Unicode including all
punctuation unique in Armenian. It was decided
that Unicode would not include ligatures in any
language as they would involve more space.
Therefore ;u & ou are not represented. Electronic
Scanning Most suitable for in-house archiving, i.
e. replacing paperwith electronically scanned
images and integrating databases with t he images.
Theenvironment can be single-user or LAN (Local
Area Network), using optical diskdrives and/or
juke-boxes. The work involves processing archival
papers which arescanned, then creating fields in a
database to index data about each scannedimage (
e. g. names, dates). The information is stored in
WORMs (Write Once - ReadMany) optical disks for
immediate access. WORM disks are 5. 25" in
diameter, with 920 MB of optical storage
capability, storing up to 20, 000 pages. There are
also 12", 6. 55 GB disks with 120, 000 pages
capacity. The data can be loaded from ahost
computer, 9-track tape, QIC PC cartridge, DOS file
or IBM 3480 cartridge. (More on the WORMs later).
On-line Connection to Libraries There are
nationwide data networks being createdwhich will
allow any PC user to connect to libraries such as
the U. S. Library of Congress (estimated 80
million items). Such privileges were once only
availablein some of the larger universities
involved in a consortium, and sometimes only to
research librarians. Today, an estimated 150
universities are connected to 40sources of
information, ranging from Shakespeare to corporate
documents. In thefuture, on-line connection
agencies hope to include electronic newspapers
andelectronic public libraries. Progress depends
on tech nological improvements inthe areas of
speed of networks, computing power and software.
19Erasable Optical Drives An optical erasable
drive can store between 600 MB and 1Gigabyte (GB).
(20) These are unlike CD-ROMs and WORMs, because
they allow end usersto rea d and write data, as in
a magnetic drive, with the advantage over
thelatter of being removable (for storage) and
much larger in capacity. Their datastorage is
stable at an estimated maximum of 10 years. In
large capacities, theerasable optical storage dri
ves are cheaper than hard disks, but they are
alsoslower. They are, however, faster than
CD-ROMs. (Figure 4) WORMs Write Once-Read Many are
perhaps the ultimate archiving media. WORM
disksuses a magneto-optical technology to burn
data into the surface of th e disc, andthe data
can't be altered. The drive doesn't use a magnetic
head such as in harddisk and floppy drives,
therefore less wear and tear is involved. An
alternativeform being researched is WORM in a tape
format called DOT (digital optical tape), wit h
650 MB capacity per cartridge. Industry Standards
The standards which are enjoyed in the CD-ROM
environment are now available in Optical drives,
which would mean that any cartridge written in
adrive can be read by another. This is unlike the
older WORM technology. Anindustry committee is
currently working on a multiplatform standard,
which couldjeopardize the ISO standard for optical
cartridges. (21) Photo CDs Philips N. V. and
Eastman Kodak will be offering a CD player by
nextyear, which will allow photograp hs and slide
files to be processed for display ona television
screen via a compact disk. Picture Transmissions
Some of the most innovative computer technologies
comes tous from the Press. One such organization
is the Associated Press (AP) who, in1970, was the
first in the news media to use the video display
terminal forediting and transmission of pictures;
this was in the forefront of today'soptical
publishing media, incorporating pictures and text.
(22) AP's latestdevelopment is the Leaf Picture
system, an e lectronic darkroom, which
interfaceswith today's popular equipment and
desk-top publishing, an area newspapers
andmagazines are pursuing and investing into. The
technology is based both on PCsand Macintoshes; it
can receive photo transmissions, manipulate them &
exportthem to a desktop publishing program, and
scan pictures. It has a compressionprogram, which
allows quick viewing of stored pictures. AP also
has a laptoptransmissions model, a scanner for
trans-parencies, and a video interface. (23)

Conclusion

In the hopes of approaching towards a Less Paper
Society (thinking that a Paperless Society has so
far been proven to be Utopian), CD-ROMs and
otherelectronic media have been compared for their
best and worst applications (Figure5 ). CD-ROMs
are best for lar ge data storage, for topics that
require no dailyupdate, with a wide range of
subject matter that demand extensive research.
Institutions are finding that CD-ROMS save them
time in revision, production, andof course,
warehouse storage costs. The CD-ROM works well in
LAN environments, asit was conceived for
networking. CD-ROMs are ideal for the Armenology
milieu in all its fields of specialization,
because of the extensive raw research material
that has yet to be analyzed, forthe possibilities
it offers in cr oss-discipline research, for the
informationthat could be used by scholars were
they available, and for the ease it allows inthe
dissemination of such information.

Endnotes: 1 Microsoft Press, 1986 2 Riszak 3
Dataware Technologies 4 op cit. 5
OpticalPublishing Ind ustry Assessment Volume II 6
This would allow, for example, aMacintosh user to
run a PC CD-ROM emulating PC on a Mac 7 Optical
publishing is aterm used for CD-ROMs; electronic
publishing is used for distribution ofinformation
in digital form over telecommu nications or
broadcast system, whileprint publishing includes
books, magazines and reports on paper or
microfiche. 8 While the cost of internal
operations may not be always justified,
externalservice bureaus are expensive and the
publisher may lose control over the work. 9 Time,
July 1991 10 The spiral track that winds from the
inside of the disc to theoutside is accessed by
the drive's head, like in CD-Audio; the speed of
therotation varies to ensure that data moves past
the beam at a constant velocity 11 Licensing may
be an alternative. There are more than twenty
commercial CD-ROMsoftware products available
today. 12 A new type of company has emerged,
mixingthe service bureau environment while
training company staff, thus reducing thecost of
creating futur e CD-ROMs. The major disadvantage
is the cost of theinternal software, hardware and
support staff. 13 Paper, storage and postage cost
savings are tremendous 14 Century Disc 15 Help
screens, foreign language versionscan be part of
the added features 16 At a cost of less than the
printedcatalogue. The British Library has over 8.
5 Million volumes of which only 53% arein English;
the conversion of the printed catalogues of titles
took a team of 127people over 4 years; the
catalogue was manually keyed in. "Each element of
thecatalogued record (author, title, date and
place of publication) has beendiscretely coded
with MARC compatible field and keyed twice to
assure accuracy. Greek, Cyrillic and Hebrew
characters have been captured and can be displayed
andprinted . " according to their catalogue. 17
Indexed fields may include century(approx. date)
of colophon(s), manuscript number, description,
artist, city ofcreation. Possible cross-reference
may include information about the history ofthe
time, king and catholicos , etc 18 The data is
already in ASCII format. 19 New York Times, July
1991 20 Gigabyte =1, 000 MB) 21 MacUser November,
1990 22 AP beganLaserphoto transmissions, for
laser-scanned pictures, starting from 1974. It
inaugurated electronic darkrooms for digitized
picture in 1979, transmissionsdirect to newspapers
in 1980, graphics retrieval service that uses
digitaltransmission in 1987, and high speed
digital delivery of graphics and photos in 1988.
23 The system has a speed of 5 megabytes per
second.

Bibliography: Books

Lambert, Steve and Suzanne Ropiequet, ed. CD-ROM:
The New Papyrus Microsoft Press, 1986.

Roszak, Theodore, The Cult of Information: The
folklore of Computers and the True Art of
Thinking. Panthon Book, New York, 1986.

Saffady, Bill, Optical Storage Technology: A State
of the Art Review, Meckler Corp. (Annual
publication)

Articles and Industrial Literature

"Advance in CD's Starts a New Battle" , New York
Times, June 19, 1991 p. D1

"AVERY Library: Celebrating the Glorious Past-
Shaping the High-Tech Future

"Columbia, Winter 1990 CD-ROM Librarian, Volume 6,
Number 4, IV. 1991

"CD-ROM Power: Knowledge at Hand", PC Computing
February 1990

"CD-ROM for the Common Man", New York Times,
November 28, 1989

"CD: The Next Generation" by Ken. C. Pohlman,
Stereo Review, July, 1991 Dataware Technologies ,
"Corporate Guide to Optical Publishing"

"Erasable Optical Drives", MacUser November. 1990

"Gateway to Volumes", New York Times, October. 31,
1989

"Love at First Byte", Time, July 15, 1991

"Making CD-ROM Usable for Unix" , UnixWorld, July
19 91, pages 123-

"Most Valuable Players", MacUser, March 1990

"Paperless Storage" UnixWorld, July 1991, pages.
97-)

"Time to Make Way for CD-ROMs?" New York Times,
June 18, 1991, p. C11